Mention the common presentations [chief complaints and H/o present illness] in
cardiovascular system (CVS).
The patients having complaints of CVS commonly present with:
1. Chest pain (angina pectoris, acute myocardial infarction (AMI), pericarditis or
aortic dissection).
2. Breathlessness (dyspnoea, orthopnoea, paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnoea or PND).
3. Palpitations (atrial fibrillation, paroxysmal tachyarrhythmias).
4. Recurrent respiratory tract infections (e.g., cough and expectoration).
5. Haemoptysis (i.e., 'expectoration of blood', seen in mitral stenosis or MS).
6. Syncope (aortic stenosis or AS, hypotension).
7. Swelling of feet or oedema, or facial puffiness (congestive cardiac failure or CCF).
8. Fatigue (whether present on exertion or not; seen in AS and -blocker therapy.
Fatigue is common in low output states like aortic stenosis (AS), tight MS or
ischaemic heart disease (IHD).
9. Systemic hypertension (C/o occipital headache or symptoms related to target
organ damage, e.g., oliguria in loss of renal function).
10. Others:
a. Fever [subacute bacterial endocarditis (SBE), rheumatic activity, pericarditis,
deep vein thrombosis or DVT, atrial myxoma, Dressler's syndrome].
b. H/o squatting or cyanotic spells (indicating cyanotic congenital heart diseases
like Fallot's tetralogy).
c. Loss of appetite (from CCF), vomiting (digitalis toxicity) or loss of weight
(cardiac cachexia).
d. Fleeting joint pain (i.e., arthritis), subcutaneous nodules, erythema marginatum
(i.e., markers of rheumatic fever).
e. Convulsions or past H/o neurodeficit (i.e., paralysis)—MS with atrial fibrillation
having a large clot in the left atrium may give rise to stroke.
f. Pallor, pyrexia, Osler's node, Janeway's lesions, splinter haemorrhage, clubbing,
Roth’s spots in retina, and splenomegaly (i.e., markers of infective endocarditis).
cardiovascular system (CVS).
The patients having complaints of CVS commonly present with:
1. Chest pain (angina pectoris, acute myocardial infarction (AMI), pericarditis or
aortic dissection).
2. Breathlessness (dyspnoea, orthopnoea, paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnoea or PND).
3. Palpitations (atrial fibrillation, paroxysmal tachyarrhythmias).
4. Recurrent respiratory tract infections (e.g., cough and expectoration).
5. Haemoptysis (i.e., 'expectoration of blood', seen in mitral stenosis or MS).
6. Syncope (aortic stenosis or AS, hypotension).
7. Swelling of feet or oedema, or facial puffiness (congestive cardiac failure or CCF).
8. Fatigue (whether present on exertion or not; seen in AS and -blocker therapy.
Fatigue is common in low output states like aortic stenosis (AS), tight MS or
ischaemic heart disease (IHD).
9. Systemic hypertension (C/o occipital headache or symptoms related to target
organ damage, e.g., oliguria in loss of renal function).
10. Others:
a. Fever [subacute bacterial endocarditis (SBE), rheumatic activity, pericarditis,
deep vein thrombosis or DVT, atrial myxoma, Dressler's syndrome].
b. H/o squatting or cyanotic spells (indicating cyanotic congenital heart diseases
like Fallot's tetralogy).
c. Loss of appetite (from CCF), vomiting (digitalis toxicity) or loss of weight
(cardiac cachexia).
d. Fleeting joint pain (i.e., arthritis), subcutaneous nodules, erythema marginatum
(i.e., markers of rheumatic fever).
e. Convulsions or past H/o neurodeficit (i.e., paralysis)—MS with atrial fibrillation
having a large clot in the left atrium may give rise to stroke.
f. Pallor, pyrexia, Osler's node, Janeway's lesions, splinter haemorrhage, clubbing,
Roth’s spots in retina, and splenomegaly (i.e., markers of infective endocarditis).