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Pathology definition - Congestive Heart Failure
Congestive heart failure
Congestive heart failure is divided into right sided heart failure and left sided heart failure. Right sided heart failure may present with signs and symptoms such as ascites, peripheral edema ( due to increase in the central venous pressure) , hepatosplenomegaly and neck vein distention.
Right sided heart failure is presented with congested spleen, nutmeg liver /hepatic congestion and dilated and hypertrophied of the right ventricles. Right sided heart failure is due to mitral stenosis, pulmonary valve disease, tricuspid valve disease, myocarditis, cardiomyopathies and left sided heart failure as well as cor pulmonale which is due to pulmonary hypertension.
Left sided heart failure is presented with signs and symptoms such as dyspnea ( due to decrease in cardiac output), paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea, orthopnea, and pleural effusion as well as pulmonary edema( due to failure of left ventricular output to keep up with the cardiac output from right ventricle which lead to increase in the transudation of the fluid from pulmonary vessel). Left sided heart failure may present with pulmonary congestion and dilation of left atrium.Left sided heart failure may be caused by myocarditis, cardiomyopathies, mitral valve disease, aortic valve disease and hypertension as well as myocardial infarction.
The treatment for congestive heart failure include salt restriction, fluid restriction, ACE inhibitor and nitrates.
References
1.Chatterjee, Kanu. "Congestive Heart Failure." American Journal of Cardiovascular Drugs 2.1 (2002): 1-6.
2.Keith, John D. "Congestive heart failure." Pediatrics 18.3 (1956): 491-500.
Congestive heart failure is divided into right sided heart failure and left sided heart failure. Right sided heart failure may present with signs and symptoms such as ascites, peripheral edema ( due to increase in the central venous pressure) , hepatosplenomegaly and neck vein distention.
Right sided heart failure is presented with congested spleen, nutmeg liver /hepatic congestion and dilated and hypertrophied of the right ventricles. Right sided heart failure is due to mitral stenosis, pulmonary valve disease, tricuspid valve disease, myocarditis, cardiomyopathies and left sided heart failure as well as cor pulmonale which is due to pulmonary hypertension.
Left sided heart failure is presented with signs and symptoms such as dyspnea ( due to decrease in cardiac output), paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea, orthopnea, and pleural effusion as well as pulmonary edema( due to failure of left ventricular output to keep up with the cardiac output from right ventricle which lead to increase in the transudation of the fluid from pulmonary vessel). Left sided heart failure may present with pulmonary congestion and dilation of left atrium.Left sided heart failure may be caused by myocarditis, cardiomyopathies, mitral valve disease, aortic valve disease and hypertension as well as myocardial infarction.
The treatment for congestive heart failure include salt restriction, fluid restriction, ACE inhibitor and nitrates.
References
1.Chatterjee, Kanu. "Congestive Heart Failure." American Journal of Cardiovascular Drugs 2.1 (2002): 1-6.
2.Keith, John D. "Congestive heart failure." Pediatrics 18.3 (1956): 491-500.
