Cardiac output is the amount of blood which is pumped per unit time by the ventricles
Cardiac output is determined by the stroke volume which is the volume of blood ejected during each contraction of the ventricle and the frequency of heart beats ( heart rates)
The mathematical equation is :
cardiac output = heart rate x stroke volume
heart rate is under the control of autonomous nervous system.Beta blockers able to reduce the cardiac output by decreasing contractility and heart rate.
Verapamil / diltiazem which is cardioselective (non-dihydropyridine) calcium channel blocker also able to reduce heart rate by slowing the transmission of impulse through the AV nodes.
Cardiac output is determined by the stroke volume which is the volume of blood ejected during each contraction of the ventricle and the frequency of heart beats ( heart rates)
The mathematical equation is :
cardiac output = heart rate x stroke volume
heart rate is under the control of autonomous nervous system.Beta blockers able to reduce the cardiac output by decreasing contractility and heart rate.
Verapamil / diltiazem which is cardioselective (non-dihydropyridine) calcium channel blocker also able to reduce heart rate by slowing the transmission of impulse through the AV nodes.